{"id":16328,"date":"2025-09-12T17:19:45","date_gmt":"2025-09-12T15:19:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/revija-ventil.si\/multi-agent-path-planning-for-a-fleet-of-automated-guided-vehicles-in-industrial-setting-with-charging-stations\/"},"modified":"2025-09-15T14:39:36","modified_gmt":"2025-09-15T12:39:36","slug":"multi-agent-path-planning-for-a-fleet-of-automated-guided-vehicles-in-industrial-setting-with-charging-stations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/revija-ventil.si\/en\/multi-agent-path-planning-for-a-fleet-of-automated-guided-vehicles-in-industrial-setting-with-charging-stations\/","title":{"rendered":"Multi-agent path planning for a fleet of automated guided vehicles in industrial setting with charging stations"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;section&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;3_4,1_4&#8243; use_custom_gutter=&#8221;on&#8221; gutter_width=&#8221;2&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;row&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;3_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_post_title author=&#8221;off&#8221; date_format=&#8221;j. F, Y&#8221; categories=&#8221;off&#8221; comments=&#8221;off&#8221; featured_image=&#8221;off&#8221; admin_label=&#8221;Post Title&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; title_level=&#8221;h2&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;||30px||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;||20px||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; global_module=&#8221;11762&#8243; saved_tabs=&#8221;all&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_post_title][et_pb_text content_last_edited=&#8221;off|desktop&#8221; admin_label=&#8221;Avtor&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; min_height=&#8221;21px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||10px||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;||10px||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;off|desktop&#8221; use_border_color=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Doc. dr. Andrej Zde\u0161ar, univ. dipl. in\u017e., dr. Matev\u017e Bo\u0161nak, univ. dipl. in\u017e., oba Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za elektrotehniko; Viktor Zaletelj, Epilog, d. o. o., Ljubljana; doc. dr. Rok Vrabi\u010d, univ. dipl. in\u017e., Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za strojni\u0161tvo; prof. dr. Gregor Klan\u010dar, univ. dipl. in\u017e., Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za elektrotehniko<\/h6>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Tip \u010dlanka&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||25px||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; use_border_color=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p>Ventil Vol. 31 (2025) 4 \/ Review articles \/ Technical Article \u2013 1.01<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/revija-ventil.si\/wp-content\/uploads\/zdesar-09-2025-min.png&#8221; alt=&#8221;Revija Ventil &#8211; Zdesar &#8211; 9 2025&#8243; title_text=&#8221;zdesar 09-2025-min&#8221; show_in_lightbox=&#8221;on&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; align_tablet=&#8221;center&#8221; align_phone=&#8221;&#8221; align_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; admin_label=&#8221;Slika&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; width=&#8221;50%&#8221; max_width=&#8221;50%&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; animation_style=&#8221;fade&#8221; animation_direction=&#8221;left&#8221; animation_duration=&#8221;500ms&#8221; use_border_color=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<br \/>\n[\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;DOI&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||25px||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; use_border_color=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5545\/Ventil-31-2025-4.05\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" data-auth=\"NotApplicable\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5545\/Ventil-31-2025-4.05<\/a>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Besedilo&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||25px||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; use_border_color=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><strong>Abstract:<br \/><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>The paper presents an approach that enables efficient multi-agent path planning. The environment is described by a graph that represents a network of roads and crossroads for vehicles of different shapes and velocities. The multi-agent pathfinding approach is based on a safe interval path planning algorithm with priorities and safe locations, which together allow for lifelong operation. The algorithm is complete and it produces near-optimal plans that are continuous in time and space. We have extended the algorithm with battery energy estimation, which allows finding only feasible plans. Since we also added an option that implicitly selects an optimal goal in a set of goals, we can achieve selection of a safe location or charging station already during planning. The proposed approach is practically applicable in a wide variety of realistic industrial scenarios for material handling within industrial setting, where charging of the agents during execution of the tasks is also considered. We also analysed the computational efficiency of the algorithm with respect to the number of vehicles and the size of the map. The results show that the presented approach is computationally efficient even in the case of a large number of vehicles and large maps.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Keywords:<br \/><\/strong>path planning, multi-agent system, automated guided vehicles, industrial logistics, graphs, safe intervals, safe locations, charging stations, priorities<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>Copyright (c) 2025 Andrej Zde\u0161ar, Matev\u017e Bo\u0161nak, Viktor Zaletelj, Rok Vrabi\u010d, Gregor Klan\u010dar<br \/><\/strong><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-16131\" src=\"https:\/\/revija-ventil.si\/wp-content\/uploads\/\/cc-300x105.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"120\" height=\"42\" srcset=\"https:\/\/revija-ventil.si\/wp-content\/uploads\/cc-300x105.png 300w, https:\/\/revija-ventil.si\/wp-content\/uploads\/cc-400x141.png 400w, https:\/\/revija-ventil.si\/wp-content\/uploads\/cc.png 403w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 120px) 100vw, 120px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>This work is licensed under a<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Except where otherwise noted, articles in<br \/>this journal are published under the<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_button button_url=&#8221;https:\/\/revija-ventil.si\/wp-content\/uploads\/zdesar-09-2025.pdf&#8221; url_new_window=&#8221;on&#8221; button_text=&#8221;Download PDF&#8221; admin_label=&#8221;Gumb Prenesi PDF&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; custom_button=&#8221;on&#8221; button_text_size=&#8221;15px&#8221; button_text_color=&#8221;#00868a&#8221; button_bg_color=&#8221;rgba(0,0,0,0)&#8221; button_border_color=&#8221;#00868a&#8221; button_icon=&#8221;&#xe0e8;||divi||400&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;||20px||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; button_border_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;on|hover&#8221; button_border_color__hover=&#8221;#00868a&#8221;][\/et_pb_button][et_pb_post_nav in_same_term=&#8221;on&#8221; prev_text=&#8221;Older entries&#8221; next_text=&#8221;Newer entries&#8221; admin_label=&#8221;Navigacija po objavah&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.3.3&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;off|desktop&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;20px||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|tablet&#8221; title_text_color_last_edited=&#8221;off|desktop&#8221; global_module=&#8221;11763&#8243; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; title_text_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; title_text_color__hover=&#8221;#212b31&#8243;][\/et_pb_post_nav][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_sidebar orientation=&#8221;right&#8221; area=&#8221;et_pb_widget_area_4&#8243; disabled_on=&#8221;on|on|off&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.4&#8243; global_module=&#8221;11764&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_sidebar][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The paper presents an approach that enables efficient multi-agent path planning. The environment is described by a graph that represents a network of roads and crossroads for vehicles of different shapes and velocities. The multi-agent pathfinding approach is based on a safe interval path planning algorithm with priorities and safe locations, which together allow for lifelong operation. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":16290,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[153,154],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-16328","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-exposed-articles","category-science-and-expert-articles"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/revija-ventil.si\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16328","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/revija-ventil.si\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/revija-ventil.si\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revija-ventil.si\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revija-ventil.si\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16328"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/revija-ventil.si\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16328\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16353,"href":"https:\/\/revija-ventil.si\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16328\/revisions\/16353"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revija-ventil.si\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16290"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/revija-ventil.si\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16328"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revija-ventil.si\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16328"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revija-ventil.si\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16328"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}